This appendix discusses Brazil’s approach to maritime security.

Coastline Length and Dimensions of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):  

The area of Brazil’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is 3,442,548 km². Its coastline is 33,379 km long.  

Organizations Responsible: 

Brazil does not have a Coast Guard.  Coastal sovereignty is the responsibility of:  

·        The Brazilian Navy

·        The Brazilian Police Services  

The Brazilian Navy:  

If the Navy discovers something illegal during a ‘routine’ inspection, it will escort the vessel to the nearest port. All naval ships used for patrolling are armed. The Federal Police are the authority for criminal activities at sea.  

The Brazilian Navy is divided into 8 Naval Districts. The Navy’s primary role is sovereignty protection. It is also responsible for all buoys and marking, charting, search and rescue (with assistance from the Air Force when required), fisheries protection, ship certification and inspection, and pollution prevention.   

The Navy provides logistical and medical support to the remote areas of Brazil where the only access is by water. In many remote areas of the Amazon, the only medical / dental services available is that provided by the Navy or the Army.  

Naval personnel are well armed and constantly patrol the rivers and ocean.  They routinely stop and board vessels to verify that paperwork and safety equipment is in order. These inspections are often more than just ‘paperwork’ inspections, especially in the Amazon and the south where smuggling is a serious problem. Drugs, arms, animals, and timber are the major illegal trafficking activities.  

Brazilian Police: 

The Navy works closely with state and federal police authorities. If, during an inspection, contraband is found, the vessel is escorted to the nearest local authority for arrest. Because the Brazilian military does not have power of arrest, it requires someone from the State Police or from the Federal Police to make the arrest.  

The Federal police are responsible for all criminal activities done on the high seas. Unfortunately the Federal Police are ill equipped and insufficiently manned to properly patrol the area of responsibility. Pirating occurs on the inland waterways, especially between Manaus and Belem, and on the high seas. These acts of pirating are rarely reported, but information is received from the military attachés of the nations whose ships were illegally boarded.  

Chile’s Maritime Security Approach 

This appendix discusses Chile’s approach to maritime security.  

Coastline Length and Dimensions of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): 

The area of Chile’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is 3,415,864 km².  Its coastline is 78,563.2 km long.

Organization Responsible: 

The Directorate General of the Maritime Territory and Merchant Marine (DIRECTEMAR) is responsible for Chilean maritime security.  

DIRECTEMAR: 

DIRECTEMAR is a branch of the Chilean Navy.  It has a territorial branch, the most important part of which are the Port Authorities, and a maritime branch, which has two specialized directorates.  

Land Branch - General: 

DIRECTEMAR is headquartered in the port city of Valparaiso.  The headquarters is connected on-line through the Datamar Network.  In addition, DIRECTEMAR is able to monitor shipping 24-hours a day using its Garfimar graphical system.  Grafimar provides DIRECTEMAR with a real-time picture of the exact position of all vessels in Chilean waters.  DIRECTEMAR is thus able to stay in contact with and circulate data to its 16 Local Port Authorities and 60 Port Captain Offices.  DIRECTEMAR can also send information to Chilean or foreign ships using its Maritime Telecommunications Centre.

Valparaiso is also home to DIRECTEMAR’s training centre. The Marine Instruction and Training Centre (CIMAR) has a state-of-the art virtual reality bridge simulator.  The simulator can display any weather condition and any port, straight, channel, or bay on a 210º wrap-around screen.  CIMAR trains foreign and Chilean sailors.  The latter, for example, must take the appropriate CIMAR course before they can work in the Chilean Antarctic.

Land Branch - Port Authorities:

Port Authorities have been established from Arica, which is near the Peruvian border, to the Chilean Antarctic.  The Port Authorities maintain the beacons, fog signals, buoys, racoons and lighthouses so that the navigation routes and communication links remain safe and secure.  This is especially vital in the Strait of Magellan, which is a dangerous area for mariners.

The Port Authorities are responsible for all activities that occur in their ports. Special attention is paid to the loading and unloading terminals at Iquique, Puerto Patache and Puerto Patillos.  In addition, the Port Authorities enforce the law in their zones.  The Port Captain’s Offices and Sea Major’s Offices on which they rely perform this function.

The Port Authorities also take to the sea to conduct surveillance and sovereignty patrols.  They conduct surveillance using 10 general-purpose patrol boats (which have a .50 calibre machine gun and a top speed of 22 knots.  The Port Authorities monitor and conduct interceptions and arrests on Chile’s territorial waters. This means that DIRECTEMAR, which is essentially the Chilean coast guard, is militarized. In Chile’s 200-mile EEZ, DIRECTEMAR’s patrolling is co-ordinated with rest of the Navy.  Resource protection patrols in the 200-mile EEZ is a permanent Navy task.

The Port Authorities use aircraft to patrol isolated and inaccessible areas, and to monitor aquaculture and non-commercial fishing activity. Cessna Skymasters are used to patrol monitor areas in order to provide authorities with current information on local conditions.  Helicopters, divers and patrol boats are also employed to protect swimmers.  DIRECTEMAR has 5 helicopters and 8 aircraft.

DIRECTEMAR has two technical organizations.  The Directorate of Maritime Interests and Aquatic Environment (DIRINMAR) is a regulatory body.  It exercises control over marine ships, personnel and resources. Dirinmar ensures that merchant and fishing vessels comply with Chilean safety standards.  It is also responsible for marine environment protection and conservation, marine resources, maritime education and certification, and nautical sports.  

The Directorate of Marine Safety and Operations (DIRSOMAR) is responsible for maintaining the safety and security of maritime personnel and shipping.  It carries out searches and rescues and provides emergency assistance to the civil population.  In addition, Dirsomar handles maritime signalling, vessel inspections, the shipping control centre, and police and risk prevention.  

The French Approach to Coastal Defence 

This appendix outlines France’s approach to maritime security.  

Territorial Dimensions

The area of France’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is 706,443 km², and its coastline is 7,329.8 km long.

Organizations Responsible 

France does not have a Coast Guard.  Instead, the following have a role in maritime security:  

·        Le Secrétariat Général de la Mer (Ministry for Naval Affairs)

·        Le Préfet maritime

·        The Navy

·        Les Centres régionaux opérationnels de secours et de sauvetage (CROSS)

Le Secrétariat Général de la Mer

The government has an inter-ministerial committee, presided by the Prime Minister, that defines maritime doctrine and policy in France.  It is known as the Comité interministériel de la mer (CIM).  Its permanent office, le secrétariat général de la mer (SGMer), is directly responsible to the Prime Minister. 

Le Préfet Maritime 

France relies on the Préfet Maritime system (which has Atlantic, Northern Sea / English Channel and Mediterranean Sea zone) to coordinate and thus adequately protect its coastline. The Préfet Maritime is a serving French Navy admiral with military and civilian tasks. He / she therefore has both military and civilian resources.  

The Préfet Maritime’s polices his zone of responsibility. She / he is charged with defending national sovereignty, law and order, and protecting people and property.  He / she coordinates the actions of diverse administrative resources.  

For non-military missions (i.e. anti-narcotics, illegal immigration, police at sea, and pollution control), the Préfet Maritime reports to the Prime Minister through the Secrétariat Général de la Mer. Le Préfet Maritime also co-ordinates with other ministries, including the Ministries of the Interior, Defence, and Transport.   

Within its area of responsibility, the Préfet Maritime system has authority over the vessels and aircraft that belong to the different ministries that compose the Secrétariat Général de la Mer.  It is organized around regional Maritime Operations Centers: Toulon for the Mediterranean, Brest for the Atlantic, and at Cherbourg for the English Channel and the North Sea. In the French Departments and Territories overseas, there are members of the local Prefectures who are designated as délégué du gouvernement pour l’action de l’État en mer.  Their responsibilities include search and rescue, medical evacuations, maritime assistance, control of navigation, combating drug smuggling, terrorism and pollution, and ship seaworthiness.  

All Préfet Maritime vessels are armed (non-military vessels have a small machine gun) and can board ships. Only “gendarmerie officers” (discussed below) and customs officials can make arrests.

The Navy: 

The Navy has, in addition to its primary strategic responsibilities of deterrence and offensive action (prevention and force projection), a protection role that includes coastal defence. Central to state intervention at sea, the Navy has responsibility for surveillance and the protection of the maritime approaches to the national territory and overseas territories.  

The Navy maintains a permanent posture along the French coastline.  Semaphores watch the inner coastal waters while patrol vessels and specialized aircraft deal with the outer fringes of the coastal waters. This enables France to face emerging threats such as illegal immigration or terrorism. The Navy is also in charge of controlling pollution incidents and providing heavy ocean-going all-weather capabilities for: search and rescue, policing (including navigation, fisheries protection, countering drug smuggling, enforcing taxation and customs regulations), and maintaining public order.  

The “Gendarmerie Maritime,” under the command of the Chief of Naval Staff, consists of 1, 100 men and 30 sea-going units (patrol boats).  Spread along the littoral, they are responsible for surveillance and protection of the maritime approaches.  Gendarmerie Maritime also perform general policing duties in territorial waters and in the exclusive economic zone under the authority of the Préfets Maritimes.  Having both military and judicial statutes, they have the authority to lay charges in the event of a breach of justice.  Their role extends to inland waterways, protecting shipping traffic, conducting rescues, providing assistance to people or property, enforcing fishery regulations on land, and policing Naval property.   

CROSS  

In addition to the Navy, other governmental organisations are instrumental in security of France’s territorial waters.  For example, The Préfet Maritime has at his disposal stations known as les Centres régionaux opérationnels de secours et de sauvetage (CROSS).  They observe and register shipping movements in France’s territorial waters, coordinate search and rescues activities, maintain the security of shipping, protect the environment and fisheries, control radio-communications, and transmit meteorological information.  

The principal CROSS stations are located near Cherbourg, Toulon, and Brest. They use the European SpatioNav system to gather information and should in future be able to display real-time information.

Approach to Maritime Security in India 

This appendix discusses India’s approach to maritime security.  

Coastline Length and Dimensions of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):

The area of India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is 2,103,415 km².  The length of India’s coastline is 17,181.3 km.

Organizations Responsible: 

·          Indian Coast Guard  
·          Indian Navy  

Indian Coast Guard: 

The Coast Guard reports to the Ministry of Defence. At its head is the Director General of the Coast Guard, who works out of the Coast Guard Operational Command. Subordinate to the Director General are the 3 regional Commanders who operate the 3 Coast Guard divisions.  

The Coast Guard is an armed, but non-military, maritime security unit. It can board and inspect ships, and can detain ships. Suspect ships are lead into the nearest port and are handed over to the law enforcement authorities. Although it is not militarized, the Coast Guard would operate with the Navy in the event of war. 

The Coast Guard is charged with protecting the national interests of India within the country’s maritime area. Its roles include protecting offshore installations, structures and devices; aiding fishermen; preserving the maritime environment; assisting Customs officials with anti-smuggling operations; and enforcing maritime regulations.  

The Indian Coast Guard is responsible to the National Maritime Search and Rescue Co-ordinating Authority (NMSARCA) for search and rescue. Under NMSARCA, search and rescue is divided into three regions with subcenters in various port cities.  

In the performance of its duties, the Coast Guard regularly cooperates with several Ministries, including Agriculture, Defence, Fisheries, Customs, and Home Affairs (security). It also heads the National Committee for Offshore Security Coordination that was formed by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.   

The Coast Guard is equipped with 3 Advance Offshore Patrol Vessels (AOPVs), 9 Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs), 8 Fast Patrol Vessels (FPVs), 15 Inshore Patrol Vessels (IPVs), 14 Interceptor Boats (IBs), 7 Interceptor Crafts (ICs), and 3 Hovercrafts. 

The Coast Guard also has an air station, and a fleet of 24 Dornier aircraft, 17 Chetak helicopters, and 2 Advanced Light Helicopters.  The Coast Guard aviation arm carries out aerial surveillance of the Indian EEZ, ensures that pollution prevention measures are respected, assists fishermen, and conducts search and rescue flights. 

Indian Navy: 

Naval ships and aircraft assist with maritime security and also assist, when necessary, in search and rescue, and provide diving assistance to civil authorities.  

The Navy employs about 55,000 personnel and has 8 destroyers, 10 frigates, 14 submarines, 34 corvettes, 48 light vessels, and 18 minesweepers. The navy is building several other vessels, and some of these will be shared with the Coast Guard.

Approach to Maritime Security in Israel 

This appendix discusses Israel’s approach to maritime security.  

Coastline Length and Dimensions of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): 

The length of Israel’s coastline is 204.9 km. Israel does not have an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). But, if it claimed one, this zone would be 21,933 km².   

Organizations Responsible: 

·        Administration of Shipping and Ports

·        Israel Defence Forces (IDF) - Navy

·        Israel Police, Coast Guard, and Civil Guard

·        The Customs and Value Added Tax (VAT) Department

The Administration of Shipping and Ports: 

This Administration operates under the Ministry of Transport. It has jurisdiction over maritime transportation, ports, marinas, the operation of all vessels, and the certification of seamen. The Administration exists in order to provide the proper infrastructure for maritime shippers, to assist the national merchant fleet, and to provide certified maritime manpower.  

Israel established a Port State Control system in 1997 to ensure that the foreign ships calling on Israeli ports are seaworthy. International Maritime Organization (IMO) and International Labour Organization (ILO) guidelines were observed when the system was established. The Administration aims to inspect tankers and passenger ships arriving at Israeli ports, as well as 25% of container ships and cargo.  

Israel Defence Forces (IDF) – Navy: 

The Navy is largely responsible for maintaining control of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, and for ensuring safe passage along the coast of Israel.  It is essentially concerned with providing coastal security and preventing the infiltration of terrorists. 

Israel Police, Coast Guard and Civil Guard: 

Israeli police patrol along the coasts of Israel with the Coast Guard, which is part of the Patrol and Security Department of the police force.  Israel’s border police, also a division of the Israel Police, inspect persons arriving through Israeli ports.  Finally, the Civil Guard, a volunteer organization, assists police in watching the coasts.   

The Civil Guard is subdivided into several units, two of which are particularly relevant to typical coast guard functions. First, there is a Maritime Police Civil Guard that provides assistance to maritime police officers with patrol duties, policing, and search and rescue in the Sea of Galilee and Mediterranean Sea. Second, an Environmental Civil Guard helps to enforce regulations with Environment Ministry inspectors, and to raise the public’s awareness of environmental issues pertaining to the coasts.  

The Customs and Value Added Tax (VAT) Department: 

This government organization inspects cargos and manifests and also cooperates on crime prevention and terrorism with the police.  For example, they have a Senior Deputy Director General of Investigations, Drugs, Intelligence and Seizures.

Approach to Maritime Security in Italy 

This appendix discusses Italy’s approach to maritime security.

Coastline Length and Dimensions of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):

Italy has claimed an Exclusive Fishing Zone (EFZ), which includes the right to all living resources within 200 nautical miles of the coast, of 155, 629km².  The length of Italy’s coastline is 9,225.8 km.

Organizations Responsible: 

·        Italian Coast Guard

·        Customs Service

·        Police Guards

·        Navy

Coast Guard: 

The Italian Coast Guard was created in 1989 under the Captain of the Port Authorities (Capitanerie di Porto), which is part of the Italian Navy. The organization is divided into two sections. The Coast Guard works with the Ministry of Defence as well as the Ministries of Transportation and Navigation and of Fishing.  

The Coast Guard’s central command section is divided into 7 departments: personnel, legal affairs, plans and operation, naval and air vehicles, logistic, navigation safety, and informatics and advance technology service. The central section also co-ordinates the activities of the Operation Centre of the Ministry of Transportation and Navigation.  

The Coast Guard’s Mediterranean Sea tasks are run out of the Operation Centre. The Centre provides an immediate response to emergencies on territorial and international waters 24 hours a day, seven days a week.  It is also the site of the Italian Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre (IMRCC), which is responsible for the organization and coordination of search and rescue.  

From the Centre, the Coast Guard combats marine pollution, commands operational sea and air units, operates the Aerial Remote Sensing Service (which gathers data for marine environment protection and monitors all activities at sea), and manages the Automated Search and Rescue System (ARES) for tracking the location, navigation plan, and destination of Italian and foreign vessels at sea.  

The Coast Guard operates a maritime unit with the Ministry of Environment, and has another unit with the Ministry of Fishing. The Coast Guard cooperates with the “Carabinieri”, which is a police force under the Ministry of Defence that shares the control of the coast.  

The Coast Guard also has a land-based section that includes 13 Maritime Directors, 50 harbour offices, 45 maritime support offices, 138 local maritime offices, 131 “Safe Beach” units, 3 aircraft squadrons, 1 helicopter squadron, 4 air bases, 1 satellite tracking station, 2 LORAN C radio stations, and 2 diving units.   

The Coast Guard has about 10, 000 personnel. Its 391 ships vary in size, and are stationed at 118 bases in Italy. Among its vessels is the state of the art 52 meter cutter, the Saettia, which was commissioned on the 134^th anniversary of the Capitanerie di Porto in Muggiano on 20 July 1999.   

The Coast Guard’s Flight Service possesses 12 Piaggio P166 DL3 aircraft fixed-wing aircraft. They are used for medical evacuations, search and rescue, and aerial remote-sensing services operations. The rotary-wing component consists of four Agusta Bell AB412 helicopters. They are used for search and rescue and medical evacuations.

Customs Service: 

The Customs Service has a paramilitary force (Guardia di Finanza) of 60,000 personnel.  They operate a fleet of 336 vessels. The largest are 50 meters length. It also has an aircraft fleet consisting of 2 ATR-42MP aircraft, 18 A-109s, about 60 MD / Nardi 500 MCs, 12 AB-412s and 10 PD-166Ss.  

The “Carabinieri”: 

Italy’s “Carabinieri” are a 105, 000 person strong paramilitary police force.  They operate a helicopter fleet, 164 patrol boats, and also have jurisdiction along Italy’s coast.  

Navy: 

In addition to the Coast Guard, the Navy has 38,000 personnel, and a variety of vessels including submarines, an aircraft carrier, frigates, destroyers, and corvettes.  

Approach to Maritime Security in Japan 

This appendix discusses Japan’s approach to maritime security.  

Coastline Length and Dimensions of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): 

Japan has claimed an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 3,648,393 km².  The Japanese coastline is 29,019.7 km long.

Organizations Responsible: 

·        Japan Coast Guard

·        Japan Maritime Self Defence Force

·        National Police Agency

Japan Coast Guard: 

Japan’s Coast Guard (previously the Maritime Safety Agency) is an arm of the Ministry of Transport. It operates out of 11 regional headquarters, each headed by a Commander. A Commandant heads the whole organization, which includes an academy and training centre.  

The Coast Guard is divided into an administrative unit and 5 Departments: Equipment and Technology: shipbuilding and construction of Coast Guard aircraft; Guard and Rescue: maintenance of public order at sea, oil pollution response, and search and rescue; Hydrographic and Oceanographic: provision of navigational charts, surveys, observation, publications and information that are required to ensure navigational safety; and Maritime Traffic: implementation of navigation safety measures, and construction, maintenance and operation of aids to navigation.  

The Coast Guard is able to inspect and detain ships in Japanese waters. Its vessels are armed, but for constitutional reasons these arms are removed when travelling on the high seas. The Coast Guard has become more robust since December 2001, when a violent incident involving a North Korean ship took place in Japanese waters.  

Japan Maritime Self Defence Force (JMSDF): 

Japan has the second-largest navy (i.e., the maritime branch of the JMSDF) in east Asia. In recent years, it has proved willing to respond forcefully to threats on its waters. In March 1999, the navy fired warning shots at a foreign vessel in Japanese waters for the first time in 54 years.  

The JMSDF’s operations can be divided into two main types: protecting maritime traffic and securing Japanese territory. The JMSDF emphases preparedness in order to protect maritime traffic from attack by enemy submarines, surface ships, and aircraft through surveillance, escort operations and defence of ports and straits. Protection of Japanese tankers is difficult because Japanese ships are not armed when in international waters.  Of particular interest is the fact that Japan imports most of its oil from the Middle East.  In order to do so, tankers must pass through the Strait of Malacca, which suffers from the highest incidence of piracy in the world.

In the case of aggression against Japan, the JMSDF is prepared to contribute to the defence of Japan by attacking surface ships, aircraft, and laying mines.

National Police Agency:  

The National Police Agency and the Japanese Coast Guard respond to illegal activities and suspicious ships.   

If a situation is too difficult for police authorities, such as an armed attack, the JMSDF will take control. Japanese law was amended in October 2001 to allow the military to use weapons, as a last resort, to stop suspicious ships that have refused to permit an on-board inspection.

The Netherlands Approach to Maritime Security

This appendix describes the approach to maritime security in The Netherlands.

Coastline Length and Dimensions of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): 

The Netherlands claims jurisdiction over the living resources off its coast. Its Exclusive Fishing Zone (EFZ) extends for 200 nautical miles and measures 50,309 km.² The Netherlands coastline is 1,913.8 km long.   

The EFZ of Aruba is 2789 km². The coastline of the Antilles is 361.2 km.  Aruba’s coastline is 107.1 km long.

Organizations Responsible: 

In The Netherlands, responsibility for maritime security is shared by:  

·        The Royal Netherlands Navy, which has operational command of the Coast Guard;

·        The Immigration and Naturalization Service, whose tasks include the development of border control policy;

·        The Royal Marechaussee (a police service with military status), which is the key policing agency in all ports except Rotterdam; and

·        The Rotterdam-Rijnmond Seaport Police, which is charged with port and border security at the world’s largest port.  

Part one reviews these organizations in the order presented above.  

Navy and the Coast Guard: 

The Royal Netherlands Navy has operational command of the Coastguard in The Netherlands and The Netherlands Antilles and Aruba in the Caribbean.  The Coastguard Service is a collaborative organisation of the Ministries of the Interior, Defence, Justice, Transport and Public Works and Water Management, Finance and Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries.   

The Netherlands Coastguard Centre, situated in Ijmuiden, Netherlands, acts as the operational centre.  The Centre plans and co-ordinates the tasking of all operational units involved in Coastguard activities. There are 13 main Coastguard duties that can be separated under the following 2 headings:  

·        Provision of Services: Assistance and Search and Rescue (SAR); Distress, emergency and safety radio communication; The limiting and handling of disasters and incidents; Vessel Traffic Services (VTS); Aids to navigation; and maritime traffic research.

·        Maritime Law Enforcement: General Police duties; Customs and Excise supervision; Border control; Upholding the environmental laws; Upholding the laws regarding sea fishing; Upholding the laws regarding nautical traffic; and Upholding the laws regarding ships equipment.  

The Director of Coastguard makes operational agreements with departments.  Under these agreements, the departments make available to the Director material, financial resources and personnel.  Besides this, two policy plans are developed each year. One is for the provision of services, which is drafted by the Ministry of Transport and Public Works, and one is for the law enforcement tasks drafted by a North Sea Law Enforcement contact group. In these plans, the departments make clear which policy results they expect for that year.  

The Director of the Coastguard combines the resources from the operational agreements, with the needs as set out in the annual policy plans.  These are then united into one integrated operational plan.  In this way expectations and resources are combined as efficiently as possible.  

In The Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, the Coastguard Centre is located on the Island of Curaçao. Its tasks include general police duties (including combating drug trafficking), border control, customs, environmental and fisheries supervision, assistance and disaster relief.  

Immigration and Naturalization Service 

The Immigration and Naturalization Service, in consultation with the Department of Justice, develops border control policy. The Rotterdam-Rijnmond Seaport Police and Royal Marechaussee are accountable to the Immigration and Naturalization Service for its implementation.  

Royal Marechaussee

The Royal Marechaussee is one of the four services of The Netherlands armed forces.  It is essentially a police organization with military status.  

The Marechaussee is responsible for border control in The Netherlands on all airports and in all seaports, except the Port of Rotterdam (see below for information on the Rotterdam-Rijnmond Seaport Police).  

The Marechaussee’s tasks that relate to coastal security include the turning away of undesirable aliens and detaining suspects, enforcing judgements, and providing emergency travel documents.  It also looks after the transfer of aliens who are being deported to a foreign authority.

Rotterdam-Rijnmond Seaport Police 

Rotterdam is the largest port in the world.  Rotterdam-Rijnmond Seaport Police is responsible for the policing in this port city. 

Rotterdam-Rijnmond Seaport Police have a fleet of 13 vessels of different sizes, speeds, drafts and seaworthiness.  Its 40 patrol vehicles are used mainly to patrol wharves and terminals.  Rotterdam-Rijnmond Seaport Police’s core tasks include environmental enforcement, border security, shipping safety, port safety and security, and combating organized crime.  

A key task for the Rotterdam-Rijnmond Seaport Police is border control and security.  All crewmembers of ships calling at the port of Rotterdam are checked.  Detected stowaways are held in an area reserved for illegal aliens and then returned to their country of origin. The vessels of the Rotterdam-Rijnmond Seaport Police Europoort Section patrol the Haringvliet and Grevelingen estuaries, and are suitable for mid-sea operations and assisting the Coastguard at sea.

New Zealand’s Approach to Maritime Security 

This appendix discusses New Zealand’s approach to maritime security.  

Coastline Length and Dimensions of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):  

New Zealand claims an EEZ of 4,053,000 km² (the 4^th largest area in the world), which includes several small islands territories. New Zealand’s coastline is 17,208.6 km long.

Organizations Responsible for Maritime Security: 

The New Zealand government and volunteer organizations that contribute to maritime security are:  

·        The Maritime Safety Authority (MSA), which is concerned with marine safety regulations and resources;

·        The New Zealand air force and navy, which conduct maritime surveillance;

·        The 24-hour volunteer Coast Guard, which handles search and rescue; and,

·        The Civil Aviation Authority.  

The roles of these agencies are reviewed below. However, it should be noted that New Zealand initiated a comprehensive Maritime Patrol Review in 2001. This means that some of the structures and arrangements described below may change. The objective of the review is improving coordination.

MSA: 

The MSA is a Crown entity with the status of a body corporate. The Director of Maritime Safety heads the Authority. He / she is responsible to a five-person body appointed by the Governor-General on the recommendation of the Minister of Transport, which is responsible for overseeing the Authority. Two of the body’s members are appointed after consultation with the maritime industry; the other three represent the public interest in maritime matters.  

The MSA is part of an integrated search and rescue organization that works with the police, Navy, Air force, and the Civil Aviation Authority.  The Royal New Zealand Coast Guard also plays a role, and is usually first on the scene.  

The MSA works with the Department of Fisheries, the Department of Environment, and the Department of Conservation to ensure the protection of marine resources.

Air Force: 

One of the Royal New Zealand Air Force’s (RNZAF) key responsibilities is to conduct patrols in New Zealand’s 200-mile EEZ and the southern Pacific Ocean.  Other tasks carried out by the Maritime Patrol Force include resource protection, disaster relief reconnaissance, and search and rescue in New Zealand the South Pacific.  

No. 5 Squadron at RNZAF Base Auckland uses six P3-K Orion long-range surveillance aircraft to fulfill this maritime surveillance role. The squadron comprises 75 aircrew and 70 support and maintenance personnel. No. 5 Squadron’s P3-K Orion has a 6, 000 km range and can remain aloft for up to 8 hours. It has a relatively high transit speed to operating areas. Of the more than 500 marine search and rescues that occur in New Zealand each year, RNZAF Orions are typically involved in seven.  

Navy: 

A key task of the Royal New Zealand Navy is asserting sovereignty over the resources in New Zealand’s EEZ. New Zealand’s oceanic area of interest extends well beyond its EEZ and far into the Southern Ocean. As a result, an oceanic surveillance and patrol capability is considered a vital component of New Zealand’s defence requirements.  

The current fleet is used for coastal patrol, hydrographic surveying, diving support, and mine counter-measures.  

Coast Guard:  

The Royal New Zealand Coast Guard is a nationwide 24-hour marine search and rescue service. It operates from a network of 65 affiliated units, strategically located around the coastline and major lakes of New Zealand.  

The Coast Guard has 2, 500 active volunteers and 12, 000 supporter members. The Coast Guard has 75 dedicated rescue vessels. Most of them are Rigid Hull Inflatable Boats (RIB’s) averaging 6.8 meters in length.   

The Auckland Coast Guard Air Patrol owns a Cessna 182, and the Coast Guard has access to flying club aircraft at 8 other locations. The Air Patrol’s main task is aerial surveillance during a search and rescue incident.  

Civilian Aviation Authority (CAA): 

The CAA participates in search and rescue and operates the National Rescue Coordination Centre (NRCC). Like the MSA, it is responsible to the Ministry of Transport.   

The resources from other agencies that are used by the CAA when necessary and as available are:

Aircraft

·        Military: P3K Orion, C130, Iroquois Helicopters

·        Civilian: New Zealand civil aircraft, both fixed wing and rotary, are available for search and rescue operations.

Surface Vessels

·        Military: Navy Vessels

·        Civilian: Merchant vessels, Royal New Zealand Coastguard Federation vessels, Police launches (at Wellington and Auckland), and fishing vessels.

The Norwegian Maritime Security Approach 

This appendix reviews Norway’s approach to maritime security.  

Coastline Length and Dimensions of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): 

The area of Norway’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is 1,095,065 km².  The length of Norway’s coastline is 53,198.6 km.

Organizations Responsible: 

·        The Royal Norwegian Air Force

·        The Royal Norwegian Navy

·        The Norwegian Coast Guard

·        The Naval Home Guard

The Royal Norwegian Air Force: 

Coast Guard operations and maritime surveillance are among the Air Force’s missions.  The air force has two P-3N Orion patrol aircraft for use by the Coast Guard. These aircraft are equipped with monitoring equipment.  The air force has 6 Lynx mark 86 helicopters that are used by the Coast Guard.  

The Air Force’s four P-3C Orion aircraft have depth charges and torpedoes, and are tasked with coastal surveillance.  The Air Force also uses 12 Sea King mark 43 helicopters as a search and rescue platform.  This aircraft can carry up to 20 people in an emergency.  

The Royal Norwegian Navy: 

The Navy’s principal tasks include surveillance and control of inshore waters, exercise of sovereignty in Norwegian waters, Coast Guard duties including coastal administration and search and rescue, and the protection of Norwegian interests on the high seas.  

Another part of the Norwegian Navy is the coastal artillery.  The coastal artillery’s main task is to block fjords leading to strategic towns and harbours.

The Coast Guard: 

The Coast Guard is the third part of the Norwegian Navy.  It is responsible for search and rescue, environmental and sovereignty patrols, and making its inspection services available to other government agencies and the civil community.  This entails maintaining a presence in the Norwegian Economic Zone, the Fishery Protection Zone, and in Norwegian coastal waters.  

The Coast Guard can, by law, board and inspect any vessel in Norwegian waters that it wishes.  It also has the authority to make arrests and seize a ship if it finds that fishing quotes have been exceeded, that there is illegal equipment on board, or some other problem.  Its vessels are armed but the personnel usually are not.  However, if denied access to a vessel, the Coast Guard has the power to forcibly board it.  

The Naval Home Guard (Naval HG): 

The Naval HG has roughly 4,900 members divided into 10 sectors and 31 areas.  The main task of the Naval HG is the surveillance, identification, monitoring and reporting of any activity at sea along the coast.  The Naval HG can mobilize approximately 235 vessels, 77 high-speed craft and 74 coastal reporting stations.  The units are armed with 12.7 mm heavy machine guns.  On mobilization, the Naval HG is placed under the command of the Commander of the armed forces for North Norway and South Norway (COMNON and COMSONOR).    

Approach to Maritime Security in South Africa 

This appendix discusses South Africa’s approach to maritime security.  

Coastline Length and Dimensions of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):  

South Africa has claimed a 200 nautical mile Exclusive Fishing Zone (EFZ) measuring 1,450,596 km². South Africa’s coastline is 3,750.8 km long.  

Organizations Responsible:  

South Africa does not have a coast guard. The main coast guard duties have been divided among the following:  

·        South African Police Service

·        The Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism;

·        The Department of Transport;

·        The National Sea Rescue Institute (NSRI);

·        The South African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA); and

·        The Department of Defence.

South African Police Service: 

The South African Police Service has been entrusted with maritime law enforcement. In order to do so, it operates seven 12 ton vessels, four 5 ton vessels, and nine 4 metre vessels.  

Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism: 

Marine environmental protection is primarily the responsibility of the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. However, the South African Police Service handles law enforcement, and the Department of Transport is responsible for oil pollution prevention.  

Environmental protection within the ports has been contracted to Portnet, a private company.  Infrequently, the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism will assist in a clean-up effort.  

The Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism uses four 29 metre vessels with a range of 5, 000 nautical miles and one aircraft to combat oil pollution. Pentow Marine Ltd. operates these assets under contract to the Department. 

Department of Transport:  

The Department of Transport is responsible for the overall co-ordination and management of the South African Search and Rescue Organisation (SASAR). The members of SASAR are the Department of Transport, the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) (i.e., the Navy and Air Force), the South African Police Services, Portnet, and the National Sea Rescue Institute (NSRI).  

The Department of Transport does not have the aircraft or vessels, and depends on the other departments and agencies (especially the SANDF and the NSRI) for these.

The National Sea Rescue Institute (NSRI): 

NSRI employs 18 people. The rest of the organization, over 650 men and women, are volunteers. It has 24 rescue bases located along the coastline and one inland base.  NSRI has 50 rescue craft, which range from a 13 meter deep-sea vessel to a 4 meter surf craft. Its primary role is search and rescue along the coastline and up to 50 nautical miles seawards. NSRI also teaches water and boating safety to schools, scout groups, yacht clubs, and others.  

The South African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA): 

SAMSA is a growing organization operates under the Department of Transport. SAMSA’s mandate includes ensuring the safety of life and property at sea, preventing oil pollution, and promoting South Africa as a maritime nation. Although primarily an administrative unit involved in licensing, ship registration, and accident investigation, it also maintains South Africa’s search and rescue capability and counter-pollution response.   

The Department of Defence:  
The Navy is charged with the protection and defence of South Africa’s maritime claims, and it assists SAMSA when resources permit.  

Approach to Maritime Security in Spain 

This appendix discusses Spain’s approach to maritime security.  

Coastline Length and Dimensions of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):  

Spain’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is 683,236 km², and the coastline is 7,268.1 km (this includes coastline for the Canary Islands).  

Organizations Responsible: 

Spain has no Coast Guard. Maritime security is performed by:  

·        The Guardia Civil (Spanish Civil Guard)

·        The Spanish Navy  

These organizations are discussed below.  There is also a short note about operations of these organizations in the Canary Islands, and the Straight of Gibraltar.   

The Guardia Civil:

The Guardia Civil is a paramilitary police force. It reports to the Ministry of Interior and the Secretary of State for Security. Depending on the issue, the Guardia Civil can receive orders from the Ministry of Economy and Finance and other ministries. The Guardia Civil is responsible for law enforcement, including ensuring that fishery and environmental regulations are respected. Its personnel possess small arms, and their 15 patrol ships (which are 22 meters length) can intercept and board ships.  

Another Spanish police force, the National Police (Policia Nacional), do not have their own coastal boats and have to seek assistance on an as-needed basis from other services. Customs (Aduana) has a few small patrol ships.

Navy: 

The Navy’s role is to protect Spain and to act when a problem emerges that is too complex or dangerous for the Guardia Civil to handle. The Spanish Navy, with support from the Air Force, is responsible for the coast guard function. Navy ships are armed, and it has the power to detain suspect vessels.  

The Navy is well positioned to help when called upon.  It is based at three main locations on peninsular Spain (El Ferrol, Rota and Cartagena), and maintains small patrol crafts at the Balearic and Canary Islands. This suggests that the Navy plays an important part in the protection of the Islands.   

The Navy can assist other departments, such as the Environment

Ministry. The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries does not have its own enforcement fleet. The Navy’s assistance is sought when necessary.  

In addition, the Army plays an important role in terms of coastal defence on land.  There are some coastal defences manned or at least maintained by the Army.  

The Canary Islands and the Straight of Gibraltar: 

In the Canary Islands, the Navy co-operates with Spanish, Italian and British vessels to patrol against illegal immigration from Africa. The Spanish Navy also sails in the Strait of Gibraltar area in defence of national sovereignty (there are territorial disputes with Morocco over small islets) and to interdict illegal immigrants (with the support of small police vessels). The Navy also protects Strait of Gibraltar shipping against terrorism.  

United Kingdom Approach to Maritime Security 

This appendix discusses the approach to maritime security in the United Kingdom (UK).

Coastline Length and Dimensions of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):  

The UK coastline is 19716.6 km long. The UK has claimed an exclusive fishing zone (EFZ), rather than an exclusive economic zone. Its EFZ extends to 200 nautical miles and measures 753, 752 km².  

Organizations Responsible for Maritime Security: 

There is no UK Coast Guard that is comparable to the Canadian Coast Guard. The following government and volunteer agencies handle coast guard functions:  

·        The Maritime and Coastguard Agency;

·        Trinity House;

·        Fisheries departments;

·        The Royal Navy;

·        Her Majesty’s Customs and Excise; and

·        Port Authorities.  

There is little national coordination between these agencies except when a special situation develops. Their roles are examined in sequence below.  

The Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA): 

The MCA is a part of the Department of Transport.  The MCA carries out port state control of non-UK ships, investigates and prosecutes breaches of merchant shipping legislation and develops and sets ship and seafarer standards through legislation, Marine Notices and Codes of Practice. It also provides assistance to other emergency services such as police, fire and ambulance.  

MCA personnel are unarmed civilians with no power to intercept ships or make arrests; however, their surveyors have the authority to board and inspect ships.  They can order the detention of any vessels that do not meet the required safety standards. MCA has few vessels and they are not armed.  

The work carried out by the MCA includes search and rescue, survey and inspection, and counter pollution and pollution prevention.  The MCA’s maritime survey and inspection branch is responsible for setting the standards for the inspection and surveying of vessels.

Her Majesty’s (HM) Coastguard (which is a part of the MCA) formulates civil maritime search plans. It is not connected to the Royal Navy on a day-to-day basis; however, HM Coastguard would assist the Royal Navy during wartime if required. It can request assistance from dedicated search and rescue assets and vessels that happen to be in the area.   

Assets are provided by several agencies. The volunteers of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution provide sea-based search and rescue. Royal Navy and Royal Air Force helicopters assist in the air. And finally, the Coastguard operates four Sikorsky S-61N helicopters on charter from Bristow Helicopters. They can stay aloft for about 4 hours and have a 180-mile radius of action.

Trinity House:  

Trinity House maintains marine aids to navigation and provides pilotage services for UK coastal waters. Its personnel are civilian and unarmed.  

Fisheries Control and Enforcement:  

Four UK government departments are involved in fisheries protection: the Ministry of Agriculture; Fisheries and Food; Welsh Office of Agriculture, the Scottish Office of Agriculture, Environment and the Fisheries; and the Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland. In addition to the patrols conducted by the Royal Navy, these departments have a few small vessels of their own. Their personnel are not normally armed but can make arrests.

The Royal Navy: 

Royal Navy's Fishery Protection Squadron undertakes coastal fishery protection and the patrol of Britain's offshore gas and oilfield installations duties. The four Island Class patrol vessels fulfill their fishery protection tasks outside the 12-mile coastal limit, and carry out regular surveillance patrols. They are armed and have a 16.5 knot top speed.  

Currently employed around the UK on fishery protection are Her Majesty’s Ships Guernsey, Anglesey and Cattistock.

Her Majesty’s Customs and Excise:  

The mostly shore-based Customs and Excise seeks to prevent smuggling. They have some inshore vessels to facilitate their inspections.  

Port Authorities: 

The ports have their own security police.  

United States Approach to Maritime Security

This appendix outlines the United States approach to maritime security and coastal policing.  

Coastline Length and Dimensions of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):  

The Unites States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is 8,078,169 km². The United States coastline is 133,312 km long.

Organization Responsible for Maritime Security

·        United States Coast Guard (USCG)  

The USCG 

The USCG is a military organization within the Department of Homeland Security. The Commandant reports directly to the Homeland Security Secretary. However, the USCG works closely with the Under Secretary of Border and Transportation Security and maintaining its independent military service identity. Following a declaration of war, or when directed by the President, the Coast Guard would operate as an element of the Department of Defence.  

The Coast Guard has five fundamental roles:  

·        Maritime Safety: Eliminate deaths, injuries, and property damage associated with maritime transportation, fishing, and recreational boating;

·        National Defence: Defend the nation as one of the five U.S. armed services. Enhance regional stability in support of the National Security Strategy, utilizing the Coast Guard’s unique and relevant maritime capabilities;

·        Maritime Security: Protect United States maritime borders from all intrusions by: (a) halting the flow of illegal drugs, aliens, and contraband into the United States through maritime routes; (b) preventing illegal fishing; and (c) suppressing violations of federal law in the maritime arena;

·        Mobility: Facilitate maritime commerce and eliminate interruptions and impediments to the efficient and economical movement of goods and people, while maximizing recreational access to and enjoyment of the water; and

·        Protection of Natural Resources: Eliminate environmental damage and the degradation of natural resources associated with maritime transportation, fishing, and recreational boating.

National Defence 

The Coast Guard's national defence role is to support military commanders as outlined in a memorandum of understanding signed by the Secretaries of Defence and Transportation in 1995. Four major national defence missions have been assigned to the Coast Guard: maritime interception, deployed port operations / security and defence, peacetime engagement, and environmental defence operations.  

Maritime Security 

As the nation's leading maritime law enforcement agency, the United States Coast Guard has broad, multi-faceted jurisdictional authority in this area.  

The Posse Comitatus Act forbids United States military forces from enforcing domestic laws. This role has been assigned to the Coast Guard. There are provisions, however, for the military forces, particularly the US Navy, to provide assistance. In such cases, the Coast Guard will embark a Law Enforcement Detachment to conduct actual searches, seizures and arrests.  Numerous additional federal statutes give the Coast Guard the authority it needs to board, search, confiscate and arrest suspected law-breakers.  This is often done in conjunction with the US Customs Service and the Drug Enforcement Agency.  

The Coast Guard’s maritime defence roles relate to a series of specific tasks:  

·        Protect ports, the flow of commerce, and the marine transportation system from terrorism;

·        Maintain maritime border security against illegal drugs, illegal aliens, firearms, and weapons of mass destruction;

·        Ensure that rapid deployment and resupply of military assets, both by keeping Coast Guard units at a high state of readiness, and by keeping marine transportation open for the transit assets and personnel from other branches of the armed forces;

·        Protect against illegal fishing and indiscriminate destruction of living marine resources, prevention and response to oil and hazardous material spills--both accidental and intentional; and,

·        Coordinate efforts and intelligence with federal, state, and local agencies.  

The Coast Guard monitors safety on all types of vessels, including foreign ships, which are within the waters of the United States. Most of the ships in US ports are foreign-flag ships that must comply with comprehensive safety standards issued by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The USCG imposes a system of port state control inspections to ensure that substandard ships are denied access to US waterways. Coast Guard Captains of the Port have the authority to board and examine vessels, to detain them in port, or to order them out of port, if necessary, to ensure the safe operation of the waterways.  

No other government agency or organization has the extensive variety and inventory of cutters, vessels, aircraft, and command-and-control systems as the Coast Guard, or the expertise necessary to perform the five core roles. These assets include: 36, 000 active duty personnel, 8, 000 reservists, 232 cutters (greater than 65’), 211 aircraft and 1,400 small boats.  

Coast Guard vessels assigned to maritime security and national defence roles are armed. Many are equipped like naval vessels, and have surface-to-surface missiles, torpedoes and large calibre guns. The personnel involved in law enforcement activities are armed, and have expertise regarding the boarding and seizure of vessels.  

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