The New NATO and the Evolution of Peacekeeping:
Implications for Canada
The Committee is convinced that Canada’s role in the new international security environment must be supported by a full awareness of the connections among:
- the changing roles of NATO and the UN in international security;
- the changing nature of peacekeeping and peacemaking;
- the emergence of new concepts such as "human security" as cornerstones of Canadian policy; and
- the evolution of the European Security and Defence Identity.
Only a full appreciation of these new realities will enable Canada to sustain an effective, relevant foreign and defence policy, one that will carry the political and fiscal support of Canadians.
The Committee is also convinced that Parliament, on behalf of Canadians generally, should play a larger role in discussing the options and implications associated with Canada’s contributions to international security.
This report has raised a number of questions of vital importance to Canada’s foreign policy, relating in particular to:
- the justification for the Kosovo intervention;
- the need to provide a solid foundation for the concept of human security in Canada’s foreign policy;
- the implications of the ESDI for NATO and for Canada’s role in the Alliance; and,
- the need to strengthen Parliament’s role in the oversight of Canada’s foreign policy and military activities abroad, whether under UN or NATO auspices.
These issues deserve to be addressed by the Government thoughtfully and in detail but without undue delay. The members of the Committee look forward to further dialogue on all these matters.
16- That the Minister of Foreign Affairs respond to this report within six months of its being tabled in the Senate.
EAPC: Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
The body which oversees the development of dialogue, cooperation and consultation between NATO and its Cooperation Partners and provides the practical basis for cooperation and consultation between its individual member countries and the Alliance. The EAPC superseded the North Atlantic Cooperation Council in 1997. The status of the EAPC is that of a joint consultative forum that facilitates cooperation on political and security issues between NATO and its Partners – those involved in the Partnership for Peace initiative but who are not full members of NATO.
ESDI: European Security and Defence Identity
A European initiative designed to provide a genuine European military capability without duplicating the command structures, planning staffs and military assets and capabilities already available within NATO. This initiative was seen as responding both to the European wish to develop a Common Foreign and Security Policy, and to the need for a balanced partnership between the North American and European member countries of the Alliance.
EU: European Union
The European Union was established on the basis of the Treaty of Rome signed on March 25, 1957. At the Maastricht European Council on December 9 and 10, 1991, the Heads of State and Government adopted a Treaty on Political Union and a Treaty on Economic and Monetary Union. The Treaty came into force following ratification by all parties, on November 1, 1993. The EU is the world’s largest trade entity and one of the largest providers of funds for the developing countries.
NACC: North Atlantic Cooperation Council
Forerunner to the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, the NACC was established in 1991 as a forum for security discussions between NATO members and their former adversaries.
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
The North Atlantic Treaty was signed in Washington in April 1949 and created an Alliance for collective defence as defined in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. The treaty is of indefinite duration and today links 17 European nations with the United States and Canada. The Alliance was established as a counter to the post-war Soviet threat but following the end of the Cold War it evolved to encompass broader objectives.
NORAD: North American Aerospace Defense Command
A bilateral defence arrangement between the United States and Canada. NORAD has been the cornerstone of Canada-U.S. defence co-operation since its formal inception on May 12, 1958. The original purpose of the agreement was to provide air defence against long-range Soviet bombers. That role expanded during the Cold War to include deterrence and early warning of missile attacks. "Aerospace" replaced "air" in 1981.
OSCE: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
Formerly known as the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), the OSCE was initially a political and consultative process involving participating states from Europe, Central Asia and North America. It became an organization in January 1995. Launched in 1972, the CSCE process led to the adoption of the Helsinki Final Act in 1975. This document encompassed a wide range of standards for international behaviour and commitments governing relations between participating states, measures designed to build confidence between them, especially in the politico-military field, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and cooperation in economic, cultural, technical and scientific fields.
Peace-building
Post-conflict action to identify and support measures and structures which will solidify peace and build trust and interaction among former enemies, in order to avoid a relapse into conflict. A component of peace-building is peace-implementation, which is the deployment of an international military presence in the field, hitherto with the consent of all the parties concerned, to implement the military provisions of a peace agreement. These operations are carried out under Chapter VII of the UN Charter; troops are more heavily armed than traditional peacekeepers and are authorized to use force beyond self-defence.
Peace-enforcement
Operations carried out to restore peace between belligerent parties who do not all consent to intervention and who may be engaged in combat activities. These operations are carried out as a provisional measure under Chapter VII, Article 40 of the UN Charter. Troops are heavily armed and authorized to use force beyond self-defence. Peace-enforcement is distinct from enforcement under Chapter VII, Article 42 of the Charter, which deals with acts of aggression.
Peacekeeping
The deployment of an international presence in the field, hitherto with the consent of all parties concerned, normally involving UN military and/or police personnel and frequently civilians as well. These operations are carried out under Chapter VI of the UN Charter; troops are lightly armed and are authorized to use force only in self- defence.
Peacemaking
Action to bring hostile parties to a negotiated agreement through diplomacy, mediation, and such peaceful means as those foreseen in Chapter VI of the UN Charter.
PfP: Partnership for Peace
A major initiative introduced by NATO in 1994 to enhance stability and security throughout Europe. The invitation was addressed to states participating in the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC) and those in the Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) and has been accepted by 27 countries. The Partnership for Peace initiative enables practical military cooperation to be developed in accordance with the different interests and possibilities of participating countries. The program aims at enhancing respective peacekeeping abilities and capabilities through joint planning, training, training and exercises, and by so doing increasing the interoperability of the Partner country’s military forces with those of NATO. It also facilitates transparency in national defence planning and budgeting processes and in the democratic control of defence forces.
PJC: Permanent Joint Council (NATO-Russia)
Part of the "Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the Russian Federation," signed in Paris on May 27, 1997 by the Secretary General of NATO and the Heads of State and Government of the North Atlantic Alliance, and by the President of the Russian Federation. The Council is the venue for consultations, cooperation and, wherever possible, consensus building and joint decisions on a broad range of political or security related matters.
RMA: Revolution In Military Affairs
A major change in the nature of warfare brought about by advances in military technology that, combined with dramatic changes in military doctrine and organizational concepts fundamentally alter the character and conduct of military operations.
USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
The name of the former Soviet Union.
Warsaw Pact
A military alliance between the former Soviet Union and its East European satellite states.
WEU: Western European Union
Established in 1954, the WEU today includes 10 European countries – Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom. It has a Council and Secretariat based in Brussels and a Parliamentary Assembly in Paris. The WEU has its origins in the Brussels Treaty of Economic Social and Cultural Collaboration and Collective Self Defense of 1948, signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. With the signature of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949, the exercise of the military responsibilities of the WEU was transferred to NATO. Under the Paris Agreement of 1954, the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy joined the WEU. The WEU was reactivated in 1984 with a view to developing a common European defence identity.
Second Session, Thirty-Sixth Parliament
| Nov. 30, 1999
|
The Honourable Lloyd Axworthy, P.C., M.P. Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. The Honourable Arthur C. Eggleton, P.C., M.P. Minister of National Defence. |
| From the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade: Paul Heinbecker, Assistant Deputy Minister (Portfolio: Global and Security Policy); Patricia Fortier, Director, Regional Security and Peacekeeping |
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| From the Department of National Defence: Vice-Admiral Gary L. Garnett, Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff; Lieutenant-General Ray Henault, Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff; Colonel W. Semianiw, Director Peacekeeping Policy. |
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| Nov. 2, 1999 |
From the University of Calgary: Professor Donald Barry. |
| Oct. 26, 1999
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From the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade: Mr Joseph Caron, Assistant Deputy Minister (Portfolio: Asia Pacific and Africa); Mr Paul Meyer, Director General, International Security Bureau. |
| From the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade: Mr Joseph Caron, Assistant Deputy Minister (Portfolio: Asia Pacific and Africa); Mr Paul Meyer, Director General, International Security Bureau. |
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| From the Department of National Defence: Colonel Walter Semianiw, Director, Peacekeeping Policy; Colonel Walter Natynczyk, J3 Operations. |
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| From the Canadian International Development Agency: Mr Ted Langtry, Director General, Indonesia, Philippines and South Pacific Programme. |
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| From the Institut québécois des hautes études internationales / Université Laval: Professor Albert Legault |
MISSION OF INQUIRY TO THE UNITED STATES, WASHINGTON / NEW YORK (NOVEMBER 3-6, 1999)
WASHINGTON:
From the Canadian Embassy in Washington:
Mr Jon Allen, Minister-Counsellor (Political);
Rear Admiral F. Wayne Gibson, Chief of Staff (Liaison), Canadian Forces, Washington;
Mr John Higginbotham, Minister (Political).
From the Center for Political and Strategic Studies:
Ms Susan Eisenhower, President.
From the Center for Strategic and International Studies, National Defense University:
Mr Stephen Cambone, Research Director.
From the Office of the Deputy Defense Secretary:
Mr James Roberts, Director, NATO Policy.
From the Office of European Political and Military Affairs:
Mr Robert Simmons, Special Advisor, NATO Affairs.
NEW YORK:
From Canada’s Permanent Mission:
Ambassador Robert R. Fowler, Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations;
Colonel Michael Snell.
From the United Nations:
Her Excellency Ms Patricia Durrant, Permanent Representative of Jamaica;
His Royal Highness Prince Zeid Ra’ad Zeid Al-Hussein, Permanent Representative of
Jordan;
Brigadier-General John Nickie Musonda, Minister-Counsellor, Permanent Zambian Mission;
Dr Jelena Grcic Polic, Deputy Permanent Representative of
Croatia;
Mr Alioune Diagne, Minister-Counsellor, Permanent Senegalese Mission;
Mr David Jackman, QuakerUnited Nations Office;
Mr Chris Coleman, Peacekeeping;
Lieutenant-General Fraticelli, Italy, Military Advisor;
Mr Bernard Miyet, France, Undersecretary General, Peacekeeping.
From the International Peace Academy:
Ambassador John Hirsch, Vice-President.
First Session, Thirty-Sixth Parliament
| June 9, 1999 |
As an individual: Dr Gwynne Dyer. |
| June 8, 1999
|
As panel members: Mr Alex Morrison, President, Lester B. Pearson Canadian International Peacekeeping Training Centre; Mr Paul Larose-Edwards, Executive Director, CANADEM. Mr Kim Richard Nossal, Department of Political Science, McMaster University; Mr Doug Fraser, Executive Director, Canadian Council for International Peace and Security. |
| June 2, 1999
|
As panel members: Professor David Bercuson, Director, Centre for Military and Strategic Studies, University of Calgary; Professor Denis Stairs, Department of Political Science, Dalhousie University. |
| June 1, 1999 |
As an individual: Major-General (Rtd) Lewis MacKenzie; Professor Stephen Scott, Faculty of Law, McGill University. |
| May 26, 1999
|
From the Canadian Forces Joint Headquarters: Colonel Jim Calvin, Chief of Staff Sergeant Tom Hoppe; Sergeant Jake McIndoe. As an individual: Professor Irwin Cotler, Faculty of Law, McGill University. |
| May 12,1999
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From the University of Toronto: Michael Bliss, professor of history; Robert Bothwell, professor of history, Trinity College. |
| May 11, 1999 |
From Kansas State University: Professor Dale Herspring, Department of Political Science |
| May 4-5, 1999
|
From the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade: Mr Paul Meyer, Director General, International Security Bureau; Mr Charles Court, Deputy Director, IDR Division, NATO Section; Mr Patrick Wittmann, Deputy Director, UN Security Council Affairs Section. From the Department of National Defence: Rear Admiral Bruce MacLean, Director General, International Security Policy; Lieutenant-Colonel Don Craig, NATO Policy Directorate. |
| April 14, 1999 |
From Carleton University:: Professor David Long, School of International Affairs. |
MISSION OF INQUIRY TO LONDON; PARIS, BONN AND BRUSSELS
(JUNE 21-JULY 2, 1999)
LONDON:
Air Marshal Sir Timothy Garden
From the Institute for Strategic Studies:
Dr Gordon Adams, Deputy Director;
Mr Terence Taylor, Assistant to the Director;
Mr Gilles Andréani.
Hon. Tony Lloyd, MP,
Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs;
From the Centre for Defence Studies:
Professor Michael Clark.
From the House of Commons:
Rt. Hon. Tom King;
Mr Bruce George, MP;
Mr Crispin Blunt, MP;
Mr Julian Brazier, MP;
Mr Harry Cohen, MP.
From the Royal Institute of International Affairs:
Mr William Hopkinson, International Security Program.
From Jane’s:
Mr Paul Beaver.
PARIS:
From the Canadian Embassy to France:
Ambassador Jacques Roy;
Mr Ian McLean, Minister Plenipotentiary.
From the Assembly of the Western European Union:
Mr Luis Maria de Puig, Deputy (Spain).
From the Institut des relations internationales et stratégiques:
Mr Pascal Boniface, Director
From the Assemblée nationale:
Mr Jean-Bernard Raimond, Vice Chair, Foreign Affairs Committee;
Mr Pierre Lellouche, Secretary, Defence Committee.
From the Institut français des relations internationales:
Ms Nicole Gnessotto, Director’s Chargée de Mission and incoming Director of the
Institut d’études de sécurité de l’Union de l’Europe occidentale.
From the Defence Ministry:
Mr Henri Zipper de Fabiani, Deputy Director, Strategic Affairs.
BONN:
From the Canadian Embassy to Germany:
Ambassador Gaëtan Lavertu;
Mr Philip Somerville, Deputy Chef de Mission .
From the Foreign Ministry:
Mr Ludger Volmer, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs;
Dr Scharioth, Director General, International Security and North American Relations.
From the Bonn International Centre for Conversion:
Dr Herbert Wulf, Director
From the Federal Institute for Eastern and International Studies:
Dr Heinrich Vogel, Director
From the Konrad-Adenauer Foundation / CDU:
Dr Karl-Heinz Kamp
From the University of Bonn:
Dr Dietmar Herz, Political Science Department.
From the Bundestag:
Mr Hans-Ulrich Klose, Chair, Foreign Affairs Committee.
From Parliament:
Dr Norbert Wieczorek, Deputy,
Dr Maria Boehmer, Deputy;
Mr Siegfried Hornung, Deputy;
Ms Angelika Beer, Deputy;
Mr Paul Breuer, Deputy.
From the Defence Ministry:
Ms Brigitte Schulte, Minister of State;
Admiral Klaus-Peter Hertz, Director of the Armed Forces;
Lieutenant-Colonel Benekikt Freiherr von Andrian-Werburg, Department of Military and
Political Affairs, Canadian Relations.
From the Federal Bureau of External Affairs:
Mr Karsten D. Voigt, Coordinator, German-American Cooperation.
BRUSSELS:
From the Canadian Embassy to the European Community:
Ambassador Jean-Pierre Juneau.
From the Canadian Delegation to NATO:
Ambassador David Wright, Permanent Representative of Canada;
Vice-Admiral James A. King, Canadian Military Representative;
Mr Robert McRae, Deputy Permanent Representative;
Colonel William Morton, Deputy Military Representative;
Ms Jillian Stirk, Policy Advisor;
Mr Ted Whiteside, Defence Advisor;
Ms Isabelle Poupart, Second Secretary.
From NATO General Headquarters:
His Excellency Mr Javier Solana, Secretary General;
Admiral Guido Venturoni, Chair, Military Committee;
Dr Bernie Goetze, Executive Undersecretary;
Mr Jean-Pierre Ollivier, Chief, Planning and Publications;
Dr Isabelle François, Defence and Cooperation Directorate;
Mr James Appathurai, Policy Planning and Speeches;
Lieutenant-Colonel Paul Savereux, Military Assistant, CMC;
Lieutenant-Colonel Patrick Renaud, Intelligence and Alerts.