Honourable senators, I rise today on the unceded, unsurrendered territory of the Anishinaabe Algonquin nation to speak to you about a proposed law which would impact Mi’kma’ki, the unceded lands of the Mi’kmaq people, and, in fact, all the lands and peoples across Canada and North America.

I rise to speak at second reading to Senator Quinn’s Bill S-273, An Act to declare the Chignecto Isthmus Dykeland System and related works to be for the general advantage of Canada.

We have heard excellent speeches on this bill from two New Brunswick senators: the bill’s sponsor, Senator Quinn —

 —and his Acadian brother, Senator Cormier.

So I thought it was time for this chamber to hear from someone from the other side of the Chignecto Isthmus.

Colleagues, Nova Scotia CTV News special correspondent Steve Murphy set up the discussion of this critical topic in a unique and compelling way. He said:

National unity has been a recurring issue during Canada’s 156 years as a nation. Finding ways to keep the country together, through political accommodation, has been a challenge for governments for generations.

But in 2023, Canada is facing a unity challenge of the sort we have never really seen before. While we have long heard rhetoric about Canada falling apart in the figurative sense, we are today confronted with the prospect that it might literally happen.

Storm surge and rising sea levels are threatening to swamp the isthmus of Chignecto, the tenuous . . . strip of marshy land that connects peninsular Nova Scotia to the mainland of North America.

He concludes by saying:

As the only province connected to the rest of the country by a thin slice of vulnerable land, Nova Scotia is the only province that will ever face this existential threat. That make this a national issue. The national government is morally responsible on behalf of all taxpayers, to keep the country united figuratively and literally.

We will come back to this point about who is responsible and who pays, but before we do that, let’s have a look at this “thin slice of vulnerable land.”

Because of its central location, the Chignecto Isthmus has long been an important travel corridor. If any of you have travelled in a vehicle to Nova Scotia, you will have passed through the isthmus. In fact, you will have been welcomed to Nova Scotia when you get there.

Approximately 12,000 years ago, following the retreat of the glaciers that covered the Maritimes, the isthmus was one of two — at that time — land routes to the Nova Scotia peninsula. The other is now under the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.

The marshes of the isthmus have a long history of human occupancy. For at least 5,000 years prior to European contact, Mi’kmaq First Nations would gather there to meet, fish and hunt waterfowl, moose, bears and porcupines. The name “Chignecto” derives from the Mi’kmaq word Siknikt, which translates to “drainage place” and refers to the great marsh area.

Only 21 kilometres wide at its very narrowest, the isthmus separates two large bodies of water: Chignecto Bay, a sub-basin of the Bay of Fundy — which has, as we know, the highest tides in the world — and the Northumberland Strait, an arm of the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the Atlantic Ocean. The rivers and creeks of the isthmus provided a transportation route for the Mi’kmaq and, later, Acadians and British travelling between the Bay of Fundy and the Northumberland Strait.

At its widest, the approximately 24-kilometre area located between Tantramar, New Brunswick — Tantramar is a town formed earlier this year from the amalgamation of the town of Sackville and the village of Dorchester — and Amherst, Nova Scotia, is becoming increasingly vulnerable to the severe effects of climate change. In fact — and I didn’t know this until I started my research — it has been 16 years since a UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report highlighted the increasing risk to infrastructure on the Chignecto Isthmus due to rising sea levels, mentioning it alongside the city of New Orleans.

Colleagues, we all know about the Hurricane Katrina devastation that happened to New Orleans in 2005 when the resultant storm surge caused 23 breaches in that city’s drainage canal, canal levees and floodwalls.

The Chignecto Isthmus is not a highly populated area like the city of New Orleans, but, as we heard from Senator Quinn, it is a vital trade corridor, critical to Canada’s economic prosperity, through which runs the CN railway line, the Trans-Canada Highway, telecommunications lines and fibre-optic lines that link to transatlantic cables. Of course, it is also a place where there is farmland, wind farms, important natural corridors for wildlife and local communities of people to consider.

Senator Cormier reminded us that this isthmus, with its:

. . . system of dykes and aboiteaux that has been protecting it for centuries from the high tides in the Bay of Fundy holds a special historical and cultural place in the collective psyche of the region’s residents, particularly Indigenous people and Acadians.

In his testimony to the Senate Standing Committee on Transport and Communications, when the committee was studying the impacts of climate change on critical infrastructure, Rob Taylor, Deputy Minister in the Department of Transportation and Infrastructure, the Government of New Brunswick, said:

Climate change impacts — specifically storm surges and increasing sea levels — pose a risk to infrastructure within the isthmus. Potentially 38 kilometres of dikes, 19 kilometres of Trans-Canada Highway and 19 kilometres of the CN railway could be severely impacted by flooding due to a climatic event in the near future.

He then went on to cite relevant regional data on already documented rises in sea level, including a 27-centimetre rise in Saint John, New Brunswick, since 1961; a 21-centimetre rise in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, since 1966; and a 19-centimetre rise in Halifax since 1961.

He said that “Atlantic Canada is expecting a one-metre increase in sea level by 2100, and two metres or more by 2150.”

This is serious.

He concluded his testimony by saying:

We wish to acknowledge, as per previous witnesses and climate science experts, that it is not about whether the Chignecto Isthmus infrastructure will be impacted by a climatic event, but when it will happen. We need to address this risk now, especially since an engineered solution will require up to 10 years to complete.

Colleagues, where are we now, and what are the next steps with this “national unity” matter?

Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the federal government commissioned a study which resulted in a 2022 engineering and feasibility report that focused largely on engineering solutions to protect the transportation corridor.

In a recent CBC radio noon show on the topic of the Chignecto Isthmus — where our colleague had called in — Dr. Danika van Proosdij of Saint Mary’s University expressed concern that the engineering report doesn’t consider sustainability, protection of the marshlands or archeological factors. She cited the example of the dike system on the border of the Netherlands and Belgium where they have realigned the infrastructure, increased the safety and security of the agricultural lands and restored large numbers of tidal wetlands with nature-based solutions — an important part of the response to building climate resiliency.

After a meeting in Mill River, P.E.I., in June of this year, the four Atlantic premiers issued the following statement:

The Chignecto Isthmus between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia is a vital corridor at risk due to rising seas levels. The Premiers reiterated that the federal government has a constitutional responsibility to maintain links between provinces and fully fund this project.

On the same weekend that the premiers were meeting in P.E.I., David Kogon, Mayor of Amherst, Nova Scotia, hosted the Atlantic Mayors Caucus. The mayors released their own statement calling for immediate action on the Chignecto Isthmus. Their statement said the group is:

. . . urging the Province of Nova Scotia, Province of New Brunswick, and the Government of Canada to immediately establish a Steering Committee to lead the work required to prepare for upgrade or replacement of the Chignecto Isthmus protective infrastructure.

They also stated that the isthmus steering committee must include municipal leaders from all four Atlantic provinces.

Honourable colleagues, Senator Quinn’s Senate public bill — Bill S-273 — would invoke section 92(10) of the Constitution which allows the federal government to take jurisdiction of undertakings that are of the national interest.

He reminds us that this was done when the federal government paid for the new Champlain Bridge in Montreal, as well as a new international bridge to the United States in Windsor.

We know that under the severe use-it-or-lose-it pressure from federal Minister LeBlanc, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick reluctantly submitted an application to the federal Disaster Mitigation and Adaptation Fund on a cost-sharing basis — which is the part that they didn’t agree to — for the Chignecto Isthmus while, at the same time, asking the Nova Scotia Court of Appeal to rule on whether Ottawa has an exclusive responsibility to maintain the dikes and other structures. Estimates of the total costs range from $400 million to $650 million. New Brunswick Premier Higgs sent a letter to Minister LeBlanc citing section 91(29) and section 92(10) of the Constitution — underlining the evidence that interprovincial transportation is the sole authority of the federal government.

Honourable colleagues, I am not a constitutional expert, as you can probably tell, and, while I applaud my colleague Senator Quinn’s initiative with sponsoring Bill S-273, I can’t honestly say whether this is the best mechanism to induce the action that is required on this matter of national importance. I do, however, most definitely agree that this provocative bill on this critical matter of the Chignecto Isthmus merits careful study in committee.

This September, after post-tropical storm Lee put the risks and storm anxiety back into the nightmares of locals, Mayor Andrew Black of border town Tantramar, New Brunswick, commented:

It seems like every big storm that comes our way, people get more and more anxious . . . . You know, is this going to be the storm that [the high tide in the Bay of Fundy will cause the dikes to fail and] cuts us off from Nova Scotia?

Mayor Black and his counterpart on the other side of the isthmus, Mayor David Kogon of Amherst, Nova Scotia, are major proponents of the flood protection project. They are focused on making sure that the project is completed as soon as possible — and not on the disagreements of who might fund it.

Honourable colleagues, getting on with action in building a climate-resilient future for the highly vulnerable Chignecto Isthmus is a matter of urgency for Mayor Kogon and Mayor Black, and for all the people of their communities and of our neighbouring provinces — of course it is.

And, colleagues, in conclusion, I will reiterate what journalist Steve Murphy reminds us of, no matter what province or territory we represent in this chamber.

Honourable colleagues, ensuring a strong, protected and sustainable Chignecto Isthmus is, in fact, essential to keeping our country Canada united — literally.

Colleagues, let’s send this bill to committee and discuss how we can best keep our country together.

Wela’lioq.

Honourable senators, as another member of Senator Quinn’s national unity Senate, I rise to speak in support of Bill S-273, An Act to declare the Chignecto Isthmus Dykeland System and related works to be for the general advantage of Canada. I endorse Senator Coyle’s remarks, and the remarks of others, on the constitutional wisdom of doing this in such a declaration, unlocking the federal government’s engagement on a very important national unity project.

I would like to come at this in a slightly different way, if I may.

Colleagues, I’d like to invite you to come on a trip of the imagination with me for the next few minutes. Imagine, if you will, that it is the summer of 2043 — 20 years from now. We are watching a couple travel through New Brunswick on a Maritime vacation, and, through magic, we are able to listen in on their conversation.

They have reached the eastern end of New Brunswick. The driver says to her partner, “Well, shall we turn north and go across the Confederation Bridge to Prince Edward Island?” “No,” says her partner, “we agreed that we would go straight east and take the new expensive bridge to the island of Nova Scotia.” “Okay. Fair enough,” says the driver.

“While I was gassing up” — sorry, it’s 2043, so she says — “While I was charging up the car, the attendant was telling me that this new bridge to Prince Edward Island was built mostly for the benefit of Nova Scotians, and was therefore named the Brian Mulroney-Allan J. MacEachen Bridge, or the Mulroney‑MacEachen Bridge. The attendant was saying that locals around here call it the Eminem Bridge, and if you’re a Liberal or a Conservative, your view is it tastes one half delicious, one half awful.”

The driver’s partner says, “You know, I was remembering about this bridge. There was a former senator, Jim Quinn, now in his dotage, who had different ideas about this area. In fact, 20 ears ago, when he was a senator and raised those ideas, some thought he was in his dotage then. But it turned out, he was a visionary.”

“Before Nova Scotia became effectively an island,” one says to the other, “this whole area was known as the Chignecto Isthmus.”

“Let me say that again: the Chignecto Isthmus. This word must be one of the hardest words to pronounce in the English language, like half of the consonants in the alphabet have been stuffed down your throat.”

“Anyway,” she says, “I read a few things about the Chignecto Isthmus, and what it used to be able to do to connect Nova Scotia to the rest of the country before it was overtaken by water from the Bay of Fundy and the Northumberland Strait.”

Let me now take you back to the present: During the late summer, my partner Elaine and I took a short vacation to New Brunswick, which was spectacular. This is me auditioning for a post-Senate job with the New Brunswick tourism authority. More seriously, though, as we drove from Nova Scotia to New Brunswick across the Chignecto Isthmus, with water edging closer on both sides, she said, “This is a disaster waiting to happen.”

I think she is right. And, as you heard from Senator Coyle and others, we are not alone.

The Chignecto Isthmus is situated slightly above sea level — a network of dikes, originally installed in the late 1600s, currently protects communities, though barely, as well as infrastructure, private lands and natural resources, from rising sea levels.

There is not so much left of that protective dike system to my eye. Indeed, it felt — to me — like the raised railway line was the largest protection in that whole stretch of land.

The Trans-Canada Highway through there is a key tourist route, as we have heard, which facilitates travel for tourists visiting Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.

Last year, Nova Scotia welcomed 1.9 million visitors; 1.2 million of those visitors arrived by that road — almost every single one of them. More significantly, and not entirely mentioned, the Izaak Walton Killam, or IWK, Health Centre, located in Halifax, provides care for Maritime youth, children and women from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and beyond. The IWK is the largest facility caring for children, youth and adolescents, and is the only Level 1 pediatric trauma centre east of Quebec. The IWK receives approximately 29,000 patient visits in the emergency department every year, and 5,000 babies are delivered each year in that centre, including — years ago — my daughter.

The Chignecto Isthmus has been recognized regionally, nationally and internationally as a critical wildlife corridor. It provides the only terrestrial connection between Nova Scotia and the rest of North America, as we’ve heard. The passage of animals and plants across this corridor is critical in terms of future environmental health and protection in that whole area. It also plays an important role in maintaining healthy wildlife populations over the long term.

As you have heard, it is a critical transportation route. The value of goods and merchandise transported through that corridor as well as revenues generated in corridor activity are estimated to be $35 billion per annum. Even now, when an extreme weather event results in the closure of the Isthmus for periods of time, the losses from an economic, social and sometimes health point of view are substantial.

There are compelling arguments, as you are hearing, for the preservation of the Chignecto Isthmus in economic, social, environmental and nation-building ways, I would say. Indeed, the only argument I can think of for letting the challenges of nature take their course is that we might one day be able to remove the words “Chignecto Isthmus” from our language. However, for every other good reason, particularly in the way in which we might empower our national government to make a meaningful statement of national unity and respect for all of the regions of the country, I would be more than willing to keep on saying the word “isthmus” for the sake of the benefit of Nova Scotians and all of Canada.

I hope you will join me in that. We might have to practise pronouncing the word, but we will all be better for it. Thank you very much.

I certainly would.

The research that was provided to me was the late 1600s. I think they have slightly deteriorated since then.